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AVHRR Pathfinder version 5.2 level 3 collated (L3C) global 4km sea surface temperature for 1981-2012

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The AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.2 Sea Surface Temperature dataset (PFV52) is a collection of global, twice-daily 4km sea surface temperature data produced in a partnership by the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center and the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. PFV52 was computed from data from the AVHRR instruments on board NOAA's polar orbiting satellite series using an entirely modernized system based on SeaDAS. This system incorporates several key changes from Versions 5.0 and 5.1 of Pathfinder, including the use of an entirely new land mask, a modified grid, and the inclusion of sea ice, wind speed, and aerosol ancillary data to support the use of the SST data. Importantly, PFV52 data are provided in netCDF-4 (classic model, with internal compression and chunking) and are nearly 100% compliant with the GHRSST Data Specification Version 2.0 for L3C products. These data deviate from that standard only in that sses_bias, sses_standard_deviation, and sst_dtime variables are empty. PFV52 data were collected through the operational periods of the NOAA-7 through NOAA-19 Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), and are available back to 1981. Data for all years are available as separate NODC accessions.
  • Cite as: Casey, Kenneth S.; Evans, Robert H.; Baringer, Warner; Kilpatrick, Katherine A.; Podestá, Guillermo P.; Walsh, Susan; Williams, Elizabeth; Brandon, Tess B.; Byrne, Deirdre A.; Foti, Gregg; Li, Yuanjie; Phillips, Sheri A.; Zhang, Dexin; Zhang, Yongsheng (2011). AVHRR Pathfinder version 5.2 level 3 collated (L3C) global 4km sea surface temperature for 1981-2012. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5wd3xhb. Accessed [date].
  • Please refer to Credit tab for full citation information.
gov.noaa.nodc:AVHRR_Pathfinder-NODC-L3C-v5.2
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    Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download.
Distribution Formats
  • netCDF (Version: netCDF-4)
Ordering Instructions Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
Distributor NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
+1-301-713-3277
NCEI.Info@noaa.gov
Dataset Point of Contact NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
ncei.info@noaa.gov
Coverage Description Global Ocean
Time Period 1981-09-01 to 2012-12-31
Spatial Bounding Box Coordinates
West: -180
East: 180
South: -90
North: 90
Spatial Coverage Map
General Documentation
Associated Resources
Publication Dates
  • publication: 2011-03-08
  • revision: 2021-10-15
Data Presentation Form Digital table - digital representation of facts or figures systematically displayed, especially in columns
Dataset Progress Status Complete - production of the data has been completed
Historical archive - data has been stored in an offline storage facility
Data Update Frequency As needed
Supplemental Information
The purpose of this dataset is to provide sea surface temperature data and related parameters with good temporal consistency, high accuracy and spatial resolution, and for archive and distribution through the NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). This SST data collection is intended primarily for climate related applications and studies and is produced with partial support from the NOAA Climate Data Record Program. The Pathfinder Version 5.2 dataset follows the international format, content and metadata standard defined by the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) in the GHRSST Data Specification Version 2.0 (GDS2.0). These data deviate from that standard only in that sses_bias, sses_standard_deviation, and sst_dtime variables are empty. The GDS2.0 Technical Specifications document can be downloaded from the GHRSST Project Office at https://www.ghrsst.org/documents/q/category/gds-documents/operational/.

SSTs in months near the summer (June) solstice and winter (December) solstice are often incorrect above 50 degrees latitude, due to improper splitting of the mixed night and day granules due to a code error in the NASA SeaDAS package used to create daily PFSST 5.2 L3C (collated) data and MODISV5 products. Given that evidence of climate change is happening most rapidly in these latitudes it is important that the user is aware of the possible erroneous SST values in the Pathfinder products above 50 degrees latitude. Please use a more up-to-date version of the Pathfinder product.

The entire Pathfinder Version 5.2 collection is available in separate yearly accessions:
1981 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0071185
1982 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073577
1983 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073578
1984 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073579
1985 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073580
1986 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073581
1987 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073582
1988 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073583
1989 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073584
1990 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073585
1991 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073586
1992 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073587
1993 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073588
1994 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073589
1995 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073590
1996 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073591
1997 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073592
1998 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073593
1999 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073594
2000 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073595
2001 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073596
2002 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073597
2003 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073598
2004 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073599
2005 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073600
2006 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073601
2007 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073602
2008 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073603
2009 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073604
2010 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0073605
2011 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0099811
2012 - https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0111842
Purpose To provide sea surface temperature data and related parameters with good temporal consistency, high accuracy and spatial resolution, and for archive and distribution through the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). This SST data collection is intended primarily for climate related applications and studies and is being established to help form the basis for a Climate Data Record for SST.
Use Limitations
  • accessLevel: Public
  • Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
Dataset Citation
  • Cite as: Casey, Kenneth S.; Evans, Robert H.; Baringer, Warner; Kilpatrick, Katherine A.; Podestá, Guillermo P.; Walsh, Susan; Williams, Elizabeth; Brandon, Tess B.; Byrne, Deirdre A.; Foti, Gregg; Li, Yuanjie; Phillips, Sheri A.; Zhang, Dexin; Zhang, Yongsheng (2011). AVHRR Pathfinder version 5.2 level 3 collated (L3C) global 4km sea surface temperature for 1981-2012. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5wd3xhb. Accessed [date].
  • Please also cite: Casey, K.S., T.B. Brandon, P. Cornillon, and R. Evans (2010). "The Past, Present and Future of the AVHRR Pathfinder SST Program", in Oceanography from Space: Revisited, eds. V. Barale, J.F.R. Gower, and L. Alberotanza, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8681-5_16
Cited Authors
Contributors
Resource Providers
Publishers
Acknowledgments
  • This project was supported in part by a grant from the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) Program for satellites.
Theme keywords NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS WMO_CategoryCode
  • oceanography
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Convention Standard Name Table
  • latitude
  • longitude
  • sea_ice_area_fraction
  • sea_surface_skin_temperature
  • time
  • wind_speed
Data Center keywords NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
Platform keywords NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords ICES/SeaDataNet Ship Codes
Instrument keywords NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords
Place keywords NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
Project keywords NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords
Keywords NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER
Use Constraints
  • Cite as: Casey, Kenneth S.; Evans, Robert H.; Baringer, Warner; Kilpatrick, Katherine A.; Podestá, Guillermo P.; Walsh, Susan; Williams, Elizabeth; Brandon, Tess B.; Byrne, Deirdre A.; Foti, Gregg; Li, Yuanjie; Phillips, Sheri A.; Zhang, Dexin; Zhang, Yongsheng (2011). AVHRR Pathfinder version 5.2 level 3 collated (L3C) global 4km sea surface temperature for 1981-2012. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5wd3xhb. Accessed [date].
  • Please also cite: Casey, K.S., T.B. Brandon, P. Cornillon, and R. Evans (2010). "The Past, Present and Future of the AVHRR Pathfinder SST Program", in Oceanography from Space: Revisited, eds. V. Barale, J.F.R. Gower, and L. Alberotanza, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8681-5_16
  • Please acknowledge the use of these data with the following statement: These data were provided by GHRSST and the US National Oceanographic Data Center.
Access Constraints
  • Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
Fees
  • In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
Lineage information for: series
Processor
  • University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
  • DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NODC > National Oceanographic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
Processing Steps
  • Pathfinder Version 5.2 data are produced from Level 1b AVHRR Global Area Coverage (GAC) data using code based on the SeaDAS v6.1 processing environment. The output of this process is a collection of twice-daily, global Level 3 data files in HDF4 format. The process requires several important pieces of information, which are categorized by the following four overall steps in the Pathfinder processing system (steps A-D): A. Ingestion, calibration, and navigation of Global Area Coverage (GAC) data. Sub-steps: a. Calibrate and convert AVHRR digital counts for channels 1 through 5 to radiances - i. Obtain AVHRR channels 1 through 5 radiometer count data; ii. Channels 1 and 2 require pre-launch calibration coefficients for linear counts-to-radiance conversion, followed by a correction for temporal changes using sensor decay rate data and then a correction for inter-satellite differences using inter-satellite standardization data to the NOAA-9 reference, both of which use Libyan desert target area data; iii. Channels 3, 4, and 5 require both the pre-launch calibration data and onboard blackbody (space view and sensor base plate) data for non-linear counts-to-radiance conversion; b. Navigation, Clock, and Attitude Corrections; i. Satellite clock corrections need Earth time offset data based on RSMAS High-Resolution Picture Transmission data; ii. Attitude corrections are made using coastline comparison data; iii. At this point, navigated, calibrated albedos/brightness temperatures are available for all five channels. Note that channels 1-2 are not used in the Pathfinder SST algorithm, and channel 3 is used only in assignment of a quality indicator (see step B.d.i.). B. SST Calculation. Sub-steps: a. Channel 4 and 5 brightness temperatures are converted to SST in degrees C using the Pathfinder algorithm, which requires a set of monthly coefficients; b. These coefficients are derived using the Pathfinder Buoy Matchup Database. This is a set of in situ buoy SST observations and collocated AVHRR data; c. In addition, a first-guess SST field is needed by the algorithm. This first-guess field is the Reynolds Optimum Interpolation ¼-Degree Daily SST Analysis version 2 (DOISSTv2) product, with inland values populated from the AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.0/5.1 daily climatological SST. (For more information on this reference field see https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0071185). Note: Pathfinder Version 5.0 used the Reynolds Weekly Global Optimally Interpolated SST Version 2 (OISSTv2); d. Quality Flag Assignment - i. A Channel 3, 4, and 5 brightness temperature test is performed. These data are already available from step A.a.iii; ii. The viewing angle is evaluated using a satellite zenith angle check; iii. A reference field comparison check is made against the Reynolds DOISSTv2 used in step B.c.; iv. A stray sunlight test is performed which requires information on whether the data in question are to left or right of nadir; v. An edge test is performed which checks the location of the pixel within a scan line and the location of the scan line within the processing piece (a 'piece' is a subset of an entire orbit file); vi. A glint test is performed which requires a glint index calculated according to the Cox and Munk (1954) formulation; vii. The preceding steps are all combined into an overall quality flag assignment for each pixel. C. Spatial Binning. Sub-steps: a. An equal-area grid is defined into which GAC pixels are binned. No external data are needed, only information on the equal-area binning strategy itself; b. A data-day is defined following a spatial data-day definition. See https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/sog/pathfinder4km/Data-day.pdf for a description of the spatial data-day definition, written by Guillermo Podesta, University of Miami RSMAS; c. A land mask is applied to the dataset, identifying pixels that fall on land. This land mask was generated by rasterizing the Global Self-consistent Hierarchical High-resolution Shoreline (GSHHS) Database from the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center. Any 4km Pathfinder pixel whose area is 50% or more covered by land is considered land in this land mask. Inland water bodies were incorporated into this land mask by rasterizing the US World Wildlife Fund's Global Lakes and Wetlands Database. Any 4km Pathfinder pixel whose area is 50% or more covered by lake or river was considered water for in this land mask. D. Temporal Binning. Sub-steps: a. The spatially binned pieces from step C are accumulated into a single ascending (daytime) or descending (nighttime) file for each day. In case of overlapping satellite passes, only the best pixels of equivalent quality are binned. No external information is needed, only information about the accumulation procedure itself; b. Fields are reprojected from equal-area to the 8640x4320 equal-angle grid.
  • Twice-daily global L3 Pathfinder files in HDF4 are transferred from the University of Miami to the National Oceanographic Data Center, where they are converted into GDS2.0-compliant netCDF4. Details of this process are as follows: 1. Start time, end time, satellite ID, and orbit node (ascending or descending) are read from the input L3 HDF file and used to generate the name of the output netCDF file. (Note: The GDS2.0 standard requires the center time of collation to be the indicative time used in the filename for an L3C file.); 2. The reference time of the HDF file is converted to GDS2.0 "seconds since 1981-01-01 00:00:00" format and written to the netCDF file along with latitude and longitude values for the Pathfinder Version 5.2 grid; 3. Sea surface temperature data from the HDF "SST" file are written to the sea_surface_temperature variable in the netCDF file; 4. GDS2.0-required variables sst_dtime, sses_bias, and sses_standard_deviation are written to the netCDF file and populated with fill values. Note: Pathfinder Version 6.0 will contain actual values for these three variables; 5. Reference SST data from the corresponding HDF "REF" file are combined with the SST data to populate the dt_analysis variable in the netCDF file; 6. Wind speed data are written to the wind_speed variable in the netCDF file. These data are created by the NCEP-DOE Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) reanalysis (R-2) and represent winds at 10 meters above the sea surface. They are interpolated to the Pathfinder Version 5.2 grid prior to processing; 7. Sea ice data are written to the sea_ice_fraction variable in the netCDF file. These data are taken from the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSISAF) Global Daily Sea Ice Concentration Reprocessing Data Set (https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0068294) when these data are available. The data are reprojected and interpolated from their original polar stereographic projection at 10km spatial resolution to the 4km Pathfinder Version 5.2 grid. When the OSISAF data are not available for both hemispheres on a given day, the sea ice concentration data are taken from the sea_ice_fraction variable found in the L4 GHRSST DailyOI SST product from NOAA/NCDC, and are interpolated from the 25km DailyOI grid to the 4km Pathfinder Version 5.2 grid; 8. Aerosol data are written to the aerosol_dynamic_indicator and adi_dtime_from_sst variables in the netCDF file. These data are pulled from three different sources and interpolated to the Pathfinder Version 5.2 grid prior to processing. For 1981-2000, AVHRR Pathfinder Atmospheres (PATMOS-A2) data from the NOAA Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution (OSDPD) are used. For 2003-2009, AVHRR Pathfinder Atmospheres - Extended (PATMOS-X) data from NOAA OSDPD are used. For 2001-2002 and 2010, data are taken from the OMI/Aura Aerosol Optical Depth and Single Scattering Albedo Daily L2 Global 0.25 degree gridded v003 product (OMAEROG), produced by the US NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center; 9. Original Pathfinder quality levels are read from the HDF file, mapped to the 6 quality levels required by the GDS2.0, and written to the variable quality_level in the netCDF file. The quality levels are as follows: GDS quality_level 5 = native Pathfinder quality level 7 == best_quality; GDS quality_level 4 = native Pathfinder quality_level 4-6 == acceptable_quality; GDS quality_level 3 = native Pathfinder quality level 2-3 == low_quality; GDS quality_level 2 = native Pathfinder quality level 1 == worst_quality; GDS quality_level 1 = native Pathfinder quality level 0 == bad_data; GDS quality_level 0 = native Pathfinder quality level -1 == missing_data; 10. The original Pathfinder quality level is written to the optional variable pathfinder_quality_level in the netCDF file; 11. River, lake, and land information from the Pathfinder Version 5.2 land mask, as well as sea ice presence information from the sea ice data described previously, are encoded in bits and written to the bit mask variable l2p_flags in the netCDF file; 12. Global attributes are written to the netCDF file according to GDS2.0 requirements; 13. Final AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.2 data are quality assured through browse graphic generation and inspection. Upon completion of the quality assurance routines, the data are archived by the National Oceanographic Data Center and published online.
Lineage information for: series
Processing Steps
  • 2011-03-08T23:01:43Z - NCEI Accession 0071185 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:13:23Z - NCEI Accession 0073577 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:14:53Z - NCEI Accession 0073578 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:15:50Z - NCEI Accession 0073579 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:16:39Z - NCEI Accession 0073580 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:17:37Z - NCEI Accession 0073581 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:18:30Z - NCEI Accession 0073582 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:19:23Z - NCEI Accession 0073583 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:20:51Z - NCEI Accession 0073584 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:22:14Z - NCEI Accession 0073585 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:23:14Z - NCEI Accession 0073586 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:24:21Z - NCEI Accession 0073587 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:25:20Z - NCEI Accession 0073588 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:26:50Z - NCEI Accession 0073589 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:26:50Z - NCEI Accession 0073589 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:27:48Z - NCEI Accession 0073590 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:28:43Z - NCEI Accession 0073591 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:29:29Z - NCEI Accession 0073592 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:30:17Z - NCEI Accession 0073593 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:31:00Z - NCEI Accession 0073594 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:31:53Z - NCEI Accession 0073595 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:32:50Z - NCEI Accession 0073596 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:34:04Z - NCEI Accession 0073597 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:34:49Z - NCEI Accession 0073598 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:35:39Z - NCEI Accession 0073599 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:36:43Z - NCEI Accession 0073600 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:37:36Z - NCEI Accession 0073601 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:38:34Z - NCEI Accession 0073602 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:39:30Z - NCEI Accession 0073603 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:40:28Z - NCEI Accession 0073604 v1.1 was published.
  • 2011-06-13T21:41:04Z - NCEI Accession 0073605 v1.1 was published.
  • 2013-01-25T14:57:55Z - NCEI Accession 0099811 v1.1 was published.
  • 2013-09-27T21:31:03Z - NCEI Accession 0111842 v1.1 was published.
  • 2014-06-06T15:21:12Z - NCEI Accession 0073589 was revised and v3.3 was published.
  • 2014-06-06T16:31:46Z - NCEI Accession 0073590 was revised and v2.2 was published.
  • 2021-10-15T02:35:24Z - NCEI Accession 0073595 v1.1 was published.
  • 2021-10-15T02:35:24Z - NCEI Accession 0073597 v1.1 was published.
  • 2021-10-15T02:35:24Z - NCEI Accession 0073598 v1.1 was published.
  • 2021-10-15T02:35:24Z - NCEI Accession 0073599 v1.1 was published.
  • 2021-10-15T02:35:24Z - NCEI Accession 0073600 v1.1 was published.
Lineage information for: repository
Processing Steps
  • 2015-04-22T00:00:00 - NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
Acquisition Information (collection)
Instrument
  • AVHRR-2
  • AVHRR-3
Platform
  • NOAA-11
  • NOAA-14
  • NOAA-16
  • NOAA-17
  • NOAA-18
  • NOAA-19
  • NOAA-7
  • NOAA-9
Last Modified: 2023-10-24T16:20:19Z
For questions about the information on this page, please email: ncei.info@noaa.gov